介紹數控加工中的數控編(bian)程(cheng)

程序結(jie)構(gou)

程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)是可作為一(yi)個(ge)單位來處(chu)理(li)的連續的字(zi)組，它實(shi)際是數控加工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)中的一(yi)段(duan)(duan)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。零件加工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的主(zhu)體(ti)由若干個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)組成。多數程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)是用來指令(ling)機床完成或(huo)執行某一(yi)動(dong)作。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)是由尺(chi)寸(cun)字(zi)、非尺(chi)寸(cun)字(zi)和程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)結束(shu)指令(ling)構(gou)成。在書寫和打印(yin)時，每個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)一(yi)般占一(yi)行，在屏幕(mu)顯示程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)時也是如此。

程序格式

常規加工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)由開(kai)始符(fu)(fu)（單(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段）、程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)名(ming)（單(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段）、程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)主體和程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)（一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般單(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段）組(zu)成(cheng)。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)還有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)符(fu)(fu)。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)開(kai)始符(fu)(fu)與程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)符(fu)(fu)是同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)字符(fu)(fu)：在ISO代(dai)碼(ma)中(zhong)(zhong)是%，在EIA代(dai)碼(ma)中(zhong)(zhong)是ER。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)M02（程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)來(lai)）或M30（紙帶結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)）。數控機床一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般都使用(yong)(yong)存(cun)儲(chu)式的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)運(yun)行(xing)，此時(shi)M02與M30的(de)共同點(dian)是：在完成(cheng)了所在程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段其(qi)它(ta)所有指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)之(zhi)后，用(yong)(yong)以(yi)停(ting)止主軸、冷卻(que)液和進給，并使控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)復位。M02與M30在有些(xie)機床（系(xi)統(tong)(tong)）上使用(yong)(yong)時(shi)是完全等效(xiao)的(de)，而在另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)機床（系(xi)統(tong)(tong)）上使用(yong)(yong)有如下不(bu)同：用(yong)(yong)M02結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)場合，自動(dong)運(yun)行(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)后光標停(ting)在程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)處；而用(yong)(yong)M3O結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)運(yun)行(xing)場合，自動(dong)運(yun)行(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)后光標和屏(ping)幕顯示能自動(dong)返回到程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)開(kai)頭處，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)按(an)啟動(dong)鈕就可(ke)以(yi)再次(ci)運(yun)行(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。雖然M02與M30允(yun)許與其(qi)它(ta)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)字合用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段，但還是將其(qi)單(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段，或者只與順(shun)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)號共用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段。

程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名位于程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)主體之(zhi)前、程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)開始符(fu)之(zhi)后，它一般獨占一行。程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名有兩種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)：一種(zhong)是(shi)以規定的(de)英文(wen)字(zi)（多用(yong)O）打頭、后面緊跟若干位數(shu)字(zi)組成(cheng)。數(shu)字(zi)的(de)允許位數(shu)由說(shuo)明書規定，常見的(de)是(shi)兩位和四位兩種(zhong)。這種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名也可(ke)稱(cheng)作程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)號(hao)。另一種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)，程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名由英文(wen)字(zi)、數(shu)字(zi)或(huo)英文(wen)、數(shu)字(zi)混合(he)組成(cheng)，中間還可(ke)以加入“—”號(hao)。這種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)使用(yong)戶命(ming)名程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)比(bi)較靈活(huo)，例如在LC30型(xing)數(shu)控車床上加工零(ling)件圖號(hao)為215的(de)法蘭(lan)第三道工序(xu)(xu)的(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，可(ke)命(ming)名為LC30-FIANGE-215-3，這就給使用(yong)、存儲和檢索等(deng)帶來很大方便(bian)。程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名用(yong)哪(na)種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)是(shi)由數(shu)控系統決定的(de)。

段格式

程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段中字(zi)、字(zi)符和(he)數(shu)據的(de)安排(pai)(pai)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)規則(ze)稱(cheng)為程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段格式(shi)(shi)(shi)(block format）。數(shu)控(kong)歷(li)史上曾經(jing)(jing)用過固定順(shun)(shun)(shun)序(xu)(xu)格式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)分隔(ge)符(HT或TAB)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段格式(shi)(shi)(shi)。這兩種程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段格式(shi)(shi)(shi)己經(jing)(jing)過時，國內外都廣(guang)泛(fan)采用字(zi)地址可變(bian)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段格式(shi)(shi)(shi)，又稱(cheng)為字(zi)地址格式(shi)(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)這種格式(shi)(shi)(shi)中，程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)字(zi)長是不固定的(de)，程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)字(zi)的(de)個數(shu)也是可變(bian)的(de)，絕大(da)多數(shu)數(shu)控(kong)系統允許程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)字(zi)的(de)順(shun)(shun)(shun)序(xu)(xu)是任意排(pai)(pai)列的(de)，故屬于可變(bian)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段格式(shi)(shi)(shi)。但(dan)是，在(zai)(zai)大(da)多數(shu)場合，為了書寫(xie)、輸(shu)入、檢查和(he)校(xiao)對的(de)方便，程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)字(zi)在(zai)(zai)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段中習慣按一定的(de)順(shun)(shun)(shun)序(xu)(xu)排(pai)(pai)列。

數控機床(chuang)的(de)編程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)說明書中用(yong)詳細(xi)(xi)格式來分類規(gui)定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)編制的(de)細(xi)(xi)節：程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)編制所(suo)用(yong)字(zi)符、程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段中程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)字(zi)的(de)順序(xu)(xu)及字(zi)長等。例如：

/ NO3 G02 X+053 Y+053 I0 J+053 F031 S04 T04 M03 LF

上例(li)詳細格式分類說(shuo)明(ming)如下：N03為(wei)(wei)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)序(xu)(xu)號；G02表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)加工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軌跡為(wei)(wei)順時針圓(yuan)弧(hu)；X+053、Y+053表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)所(suo)加工(gong)圓(yuan)弧(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終點坐標；I0、J+053表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)所(suo)加工(gong)圓(yuan)弧(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)心坐標；F031為(wei)(wei)加工(gong)進給速(su)度；S04為(wei)(wei)主軸轉速(su)；T04為(wei)(wei)所(suo)使用(yong)(yong)刀具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀號；M03為(wei)(wei)輔助(zhu)功能指令(ling)；LF程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)結束指令(ling)；/為(wei)(wei)跳步選(xuan)擇(ze)指令(ling)。跳步選(xuan)擇(ze)指令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是：在程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)不變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下，操作(zuo)者可(ke)以對程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有跳步選(xuan)擇(ze)指令(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)作(zuo)出執行或不執行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)。選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，通(tong)常(chang)是通(tong)過操作(zuo)面板上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跳步選(xuan)擇(ze)開關扳向ON或OFF，來實現不執行或執行有“/”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)。

執行程序

編制加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)有(you)(you)時會遇到(dao)這(zhe)種(zhong)情況：一(yi)(yi)組程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)中多次(ci)(ci)出現，或者在(zai)幾(ji)個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)要(yao)使用(yong)它(ta)(ta)。我(wo)們可(ke)以把(ba)這(zhe)組程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)摘出來，命名(ming)后(hou)單獨儲存，這(zhe)組程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)就是子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)是可(ke)由適當的機床控制指令(ling)調(diao)用(yong)的一(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，它(ta)(ta)在(zai)加(jia)工中一(yi)(yi)般具(ju)有(you)(you)獨立意義。調(diao)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的指令(ling)所在(zai)的加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)叫(jiao)做主程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。調(diao)子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的指令(ling)也是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)，它(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)般由子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)調(diao)用(yong)指令(ling)、子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名(ming)稱和調(diao)用(yong)次(ci)(ci)數等組成，具(ju)體規則和格式隨系(xi)統而(er)別，例(li)如同樣是“調(diao)用(yong)55號子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)”，FANUC系(xi)統用(yong)“M98 P55。”，而(er)美國A-B公司系(xi)統用(yong)“P55x”。

子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)可以(yi)嵌(qian)套(tao)，即一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)套(tao)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)。上一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)下一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)關系(xi)(xi)，跟主(zhu)(zhu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的(de)關系(xi)(xi)相同。多可以(yi)套(tao)多少層(ceng)(ceng)，由具(ju)體的(de)數控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)決定。子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的(de)形式和組成與(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)大體相同：一(yi)(yi)行是(shi)子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)號（名），一(yi)(yi)行則是(shi)“子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)束”指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)，它們(men)之間是(shi)子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)主(zhu)(zhu)體。不過，主(zhu)(zhu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)束指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)結(jie)(jie)束主(zhu)(zhu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、讓數控系(xi)(xi)統(tong)復位，其指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)已經標準化，各系(xi)(xi)統(tong)都(dou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)M02或M30；而子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)束指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)結(jie)(jie)束子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)、返回(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)或上一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，其指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)各系(xi)(xi)統(tong)不統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，如FANUC系(xi)(xi)統(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)M99、西門子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)M17，美國A—B公司(si)的(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)M02等。

在(zai)數(shu)控(kong)加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)中可以使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)（程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)）。所謂宏(hong)(hong)(hong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)就是含有變量(liang)的(de)子程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，在(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)中調用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)稱為用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)，系統(tong)可以使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)功能叫做用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)功能。執行時只(zhi)需寫出(chu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)命(ming)令(ling)(ling)，就可以執行其用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)宏(hong)(hong)(hong)功能。

用戶(hu)宏的特征是：

●可以在用戶(hu)宏(hong)中使用變量；

●可以使用演算式、轉(zhuan)向語句及多種函數

●可以(yi)用用戶宏命(ming)令(ling)對(dui)變量進行賦值。

數控機床(chuang)采用(yong)(yong)成組(zu)(zu)技術(shu)進(jin)行零(ling)件的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，可擴大批(pi)量(liang)、減(jian)少編程(cheng)量(liang)、提(ti)高經濟效益。在成組(zu)(zu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中，將(jiang)零(ling)件進(jin)行分類，對這(zhe)一類零(ling)件編制加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序，而不需要(yao)對每一個(ge)零(ling)件都編一個(ge)程(cheng)序。在加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)一類零(ling)件只(zhi)是尺寸不同(tong)(tong)時，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)戶宏的(de)(de)主要(yao)方便之處是可以用(yong)(yong)變量(liang)代替具體數值，到實際加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)時，只(zhi)需將(jiang)此零(ling)件的(de)(de)實際尺寸數值用(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)戶宏命令賦與變量(liang)即可。