數控加工操作過程

數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)工，就是泛指(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)上進行零件加(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)是一(yi)種用(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)，用(yong)來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)，不管是專(zhuan)用(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)、還是通用(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)都統稱為數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)和輔助(zhu)動(dong)(dong)作均受控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)于數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)。而數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)是由程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)員根(gen)據工件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材質、加(jia)工要(yao)求、機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性和系(xi)統所規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)格(ge)式（數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語言或符號）編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統根(gen)據程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)向伺服裝置和其它功能部(bu)件發出運行或終斷信息來(lai)(lai)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種運動(dong)(dong)。當(dang)零件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)結束時(shi)，機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)便會自動(dong)(dong)停止。任何一(yi)種數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)，在(zai)其數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統中若沒(mei)有輸入程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)指(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)(ling)(ling)，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)就不能工作。

機床(chuang)的(de)(de)受控動作大致包括機床(chuang)的(de)(de)起動、停止；主軸的(de)(de)啟停、旋轉方向(xiang)(xiang)和(he)轉速(su)(su)的(de)(de)變換(huan)；進給運動的(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)、速(su)(su)度、方式(shi)；刀具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)選擇、長(chang)度和(he)半徑的(de)(de)補償；刀具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)更換(huan)，冷卻液的(de)(de)開(kai)起、關閉等。

數控編程(cheng)

數(shu)控加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)編(bian)(bian)制方(fang)法有手(shou)工(gong)(gong)（人工(gong)(gong)）編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之分。手(shou)工(gong)(gong)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)全部(bu)內容是由人工(gong)(gong)按數(shu)控系統所規定的(de)(de)指(zhi)令格(ge)式編(bian)(bian)寫的(de)(de)。自(zi)動(dong)(dong)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即計算機編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，可(ke)分為以語言(yan)和(he)繪畫為基礎(chu)的(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法。但(dan)是，無論(lun)是采(cai)用何種(zhong)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方(fang)法，都需要(yao)有相應配套(tao)的(de)(de)硬件(jian)和(he)軟件(jian)。

可見(jian)，實現數(shu)控(kong)(kong)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)編程(cheng)是(shi)關鍵。但光(guang)有編程(cheng)是(shi)不行的(de)(de)，數(shu)控(kong)(kong)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)還包括編程(cheng)前必(bi)須要(yao)做(zuo)的(de)(de)一(yi)系(xi)列準(zhun)備(bei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作及(ji)編程(cheng)后的(de)(de)善后處理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。一(yi)般來說數(shu)控(kong)(kong)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝主要(yao)包括的(de)(de)內容如下(xia)：

⑴ 選擇并(bing)確定進行(xing)數控(kong)加(jia)工(gong)的零(ling)件及內容；

⑵ 對零件圖紙(zhi)進行數(shu)控(kong)加工的工藝分(fen)析；

⑶數控加工的工藝設計；

⑷ 對零件圖紙的(de)數學處理；

⑸ 編寫加(jia)工程序單；

⑹ 按程序單制作控(kong)制介質；

⑺程(cheng)序的(de)校驗(yan)與修改；

⑻ 首件(jian)試加工與現(xian)場問題處理；

⑼數控加工工藝文件的定型與歸檔。

為了(le)(le)提高(gao)生產自動化(hua)程(cheng)度，縮短編(bian)程(cheng)時(shi)間和(he)(he)降低數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成本，在(zai)(zai)航空(kong)航天工(gong)(gong)業中還(huan)發(fa)展和(he)(he)使用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)一系(xi)(xi)列先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)。如計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，即用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)型(xing)或微型(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)代(dai)(dai)替數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)，并用(yong)(yong)存貯在(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件執(zhi)行計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)能(neng)，這種軟連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)正在(zai)(zai)逐步取(qu)代(dai)(dai)初(chu)始態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。直接(jie)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)一臺計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)直接(jie)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)多臺數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)，很適合(he)于飛行器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)批量(liang)短周期(qi)生產。理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)連(lian)續改變加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)參數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自適應控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，雖然系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)本身很復雜，造(zao)價昂貴，但可(ke)以提高(gao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)效率和(he)(he)質(zhi)量(liang)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展除在(zai)(zai)硬件方面對(dui)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改善外，還(huan)有(you)另一個(ge)重要方面就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軟件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)輔(fu)助(zhu)編(bian)程(cheng)（也(ye)叫自動編(bian)程(cheng)）就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)員用(yong)(yong)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語(yu)言寫(xie)出程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)后，將(jiang)它輸入到計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)中進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行翻(fan)譯(yi)(yi)，最后由計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)自動輸出穿孔帶或磁帶。用(yong)(yong)得(de)比較廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語(yu)言是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi) APT語(yu)言。它大(da)體上(shang)分為主(zhu)處理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)和(he)(he)后置處理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。前者對(dui)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)員書寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)以翻(fan)譯(yi)(yi)，算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)出刀(dao)具(ju)軌(gui)跡(ji)；后者把刀(dao)具(ju)軌(gui)跡(ji)編(bian)成數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零件加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)件進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)前事先(xian)在(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)上(shang)編(bian)寫(xie)好程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，再將(jiang)這些程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)輸入到使用(yong)(yong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行指(zhi)令(ling)性(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，或者直接(jie)在(zai)(zai)這種計(ji)(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)面板上(shang)編(bian)寫(xie)指(zhi)令(ling)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)包括：走刀(dao)，換刀(dao)，變速，變向，停(ting)車(che)等(deng)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自動完成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現代(dai)(dai)模(mo)具(ju)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)手段。當然，數(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)手段也(ye)一定不只用(yong)(yong)于模(mo)具(ju)零件加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，用(yong)(yong)途十分廣泛。